Infinitive (Non-finite verb)

Infinitive - 

 To + base form of the verb. 

An infinitive is a non-finite verb. It is form with to + base form of the verb & acts as a noun, adjective, or adverb. 

E.g. -  To play, to eat, to write, to give, to take, to jump, to laugh, to go, etc. 

The present infinitive has two forms :

To infinitive  -  to + base form 

Zero infinitive  -  base form

Although infinitives are verbs they do not function as verbs instead they are used as nouns, adjectives or adverbs.

 

 Infinitives as Nouns - 

As we all know noun is a naming word. When an infinitive is used as the subject or direct object in a sentence, it functions as a noun. 

Example - 

• To advise others is easy. 

If we ask the question who or what is so easy? 

We find the answer to advise. 

To advise is an infinitive form of the verb 

(In this example the infinitive to advise is the subject of the sentence and it functions as a noun.) 

 We can also write this sentence in this way. 

It is easy to advise others. 

• He likes to do it. 

( In this sentence the verb is 'like' 

Who or what receives the action of being likes? 

To do

It means to do which is the infinitive form of the verb, is the direct object of the sentence & functions as a noun that expresses an opinion. 

It could be replaced with a person, place, or thing. 

He likes.............. 

• I really need to eat something.  ( Noun) 

Infinitives as adjective - 

As we know an adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or a pronoun. It means infinitives function as adjectives when they modify or describe nouns in a sentence. 

Examples -

• He wants a book to read.   (adjective) 

In this example the verb is 'want'. Book is a noun &  to read is an infinitive form which is describing the noun 'book'. 

It means the infinitive 'to read' is used as an adjective. (he don't want only a book, he wants the book to read) 

• He has some letters to write. 

In this example the word 'letters'  is a noun, &  'to write' which is an infinitive form of the verb, is used to describe letters. It means this infinitive is used here as an adjective. 

Infinitives as adverbs - 

 As we have already learnt that adverbs describe or modify adjectives,  verbs or other adverbs. 

It means infinitives function as adverbs when they are used to give more information about adjective, verb or other adverbs in a sentence. 

Usages of Infinitives - 

1) To define the purpose of an action,

2) As the subject of the sentence, 

3) As direct object of the sentence, 

4) As subjective complement, 

5) As an adjective, 

6) As an adverb, 

7) After an adjective, 

8) Used with question word.

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The Parts of Speech

The Parts of Speech 

Based on their use and functions, words are categorized into several types or parts of speech.
There are eight parts of speech in English grammar :
1) Noun  (संज्ञा)
2) Pronoun  (सर्वनाम)
3) Adjective  ( विशेषण)
4) verb  (क्रिया)
5) Adverb  (क्रियाविशेषण)
6) Preposition  (संबंधसूचक)
7) Conjunction  ( समुच्चयबोधक)
8) Interjection  (विस्मयादिबोधक)

Noun:

A noun is the name of a living creature, place, thing or any abstract.

किसी प्राणी , स्थान, वस्तु या गुण के नाम को संज्ञा कहते है।

E.g. - Rahul, Riya ,table, honesty, gold, army etc.

Now let's form some sentences:

Anu is a good girl.                        (Living creature)
अनु एक अचछी लड़की है।

Jaipur is a beautiful city.           (Name of place)
जयपुर एक सुंदर शहर है।

My ring is made of gold.            (Name of object)
मेरी अँगूठी सोने की बनी है।

She is known for her goodness.            ( Quality)
वह अपनी अच्छाई के लिए जानी जाती है।

Pronoun:

A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or noun phrase to avoid repetition as :

I, we, you, he, she, it, they, this, that, these, those etc.

संज्ञा को दोहराने से बचने के लिए संज्ञा के स्थान पर प्रयुक्त होने वाले शब्द को सर्वनाम कहते है। जैसे- मैं, हम, तुम, वह (व्यक्ति), वे, यह, वह (वस्तु)
सर्वनाम का उद्देश्य संज्ञा को बार- बार दोहराना से बचना  है और भाषा को सुंदर व प्रभावकारी बनाना है।

Now let's form some sentences:

Rekha told  me that Rekha had lost Rekha's pen.
रेखा ने मुझसे कहा कि रेखा ने रेखा का पेन खो दिया है।

Rekha told me that she had lost her pen.

Mohan is a player. He plays well.
मोहन एक खिलाड़ी है। वह अच्छा खेलता है।

This is my pencil. I bought it yesterday.
यह मेरी पेन्सिल है। मैने कल इसे खरीदा।

Rekha is my friend. She is very sensible.
रेखा मेरी सहेली है। वह बहुत समझदार है।

This is my table. It is made of wood.
यह मेरी मेज है। यह लकड़ी की बनी है।

                                 

Adjective:

An Adjective is a word used to describe a noun or pronoun or used to add something to its meaning.
संज्ञा व सर्वनाम की विशेषता बताने वाले शब्दों को विशेषण कहते है।

Examples -big, good, sweet, black, great etc.

 Now let's form some sentences using some adjectives:

It is a sweet mango.            (Adjective of quality)
यह एक मीठा आम है।

He gave me ten rupees.      (Adjective of number)
उसने मुझे दस रुपये दिये।

Your house is beautiful.     (Adjective of quality)
तुम्हारा घर सुन्दर है।

That is a white horse.          (Adjective of quality)
वह एक सफेद घोड़ा है।   

Verb:

A Verb is a word used to tell about an action or a state of being.
 क्रिया वह शब्द है जिससे किसी कार्य का करना या होना व्यक्त होता है। 

The main purpose of this verb is to serve as a link that joins the subject to a word in the predicate . Verb is a very important part of a Sentence .Any sentence can not be completed without it.

Ex- go, come, sit, take, play etc.     

Now let's form some sentences:
She is writing a letter.       (Shows an action)
वह एक पत्र लिख रही है।

He is driving a car.            (shows an action )
वह एक कार चला रहा है।

I am happy .                        (State of being )
मैं प्रसन्न हूँ।

This flower is beautiful.
यह फूल सुन्दर है।

If there is a single word in a sentence it will be a verb.
E.g. -
Stop.       (रूक जाओ।)
Speak.    (बोलो।)

Adverb:

An adverb is a word which describes or modifies the Verb, Adjective, other Adverb or the whole Sentence. 
क्रिया-विशेषण वह शब्द होता है जो verb, adjective, other adverb  या सम्पूर्ण वाक्य के बारे में कुछ बताता है। अर्थात Noun, Pronoun तथा Interjection को छोड़कर अन्य किसी भी parts of Speech की विशेषता प्रकट करता है।

Now let's form some sentences:
Manoj walks slowly.             (modifies the verb'walk')
मनोज धीरे धीरे चलता है।

She is a very beautiful girl.
                                                 (modifies the Adjective 'beautiful')
वह एक बहुत सुंदर लड़की है।

He walks very carefully.
                                                  (modifies the Adverb 'carefully')
वह बहुत सावधानीपूर्वक चलता है।

Possibly you are right.
                                                  (modifies the whole sentence)
संभवतः आप सही है।

Preposition:

A Preposition is a word placed before a Noun or a Pronoun & show the relationship of a  Noun, Noun phrase or Pronoun to another word.
सम्बन्धसूचक अव्यय वह शब्द है जो किसी संज्ञा या सर्वनाम के पहले आकर उसका सम्बन्ध दूसरे शब्द
से प्रकट करता है।
Ex- In, at, to, of, for, with, at, by, after, from, under etc.

Now let's form some sentences:
My books are on the table.
मेरी पुस्तकें मेज पर है।

I live in Delhi.
मैं दिल्ली में रहता हूँ।

Rohan will go by train.
रोहन रेलगाड़ी से जायेगा।

He is in the room.
वह कमरे में है।

Conjunction:

A Conjunction is a word which joins clauses, phrases words.
Conjunction वह शब्द है जो शब्दों या वाक्यों को आपस मे जोड़ता है।

E.g. - And, but ,yet, because, so, or, otherwise etc.

Now let's form some sentences:

Give me a pen and a paper.                             (connecting words)
मुझें एक कलम व कागज़ दीजिये।

You are tired so you should take rest.            (connecting clauses)
तुम थक गये हो इसलिए तुम्हें आराम करना चाहिए।

He worked in a village or in a town.              (connecting phrases)
वह किसी गाँव या कस्बे में काम करता है।

Interjection:

A word or phrase that expresses some sudden feeling or emotion.
(जो शब्द ह्रदय में अचानक उत्पन्न दुःख, भय,आश्चर्य, शोक, प्रसन्नता जैसे भावों को व्यक्त करे , विस्मयादिबोधक अव्यय कहलाते है।)
Example - Wow !, oh! ,oops!, ah! ,Hello! Alas! etc.

Now let's form some sentences:

Oh! He has lost everything.      (expresses grief)
ओह! उसने सब कुछ खो दिया है।
                           
Hurrah! I have won.                  (expresses joy)
 ( हुर्रा) ! मैं  जीत गया।    
           
Bravo! Well done.                      (expresses approval)
   ब्रावो      शाबाश !   अच्छा किया।      
  
Articles are demonstrative adjectives (संकेतवाचक विशेषण)

Sometimes a word can be used more than one parts of speech, depending on its function-
I live a peaceful life.    
(Here the verb 'Live' is used as a verb.)

He gave a live performance. 
(Here the verb 'Live' is used as an adjective)

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The Adverb

    The Adverb  

An Adverb is a word which describes or modifies the Verb, Adjective, other Adverb, Preposition or the whole sentence . It is used to modify any part of speech except a Noun, Pronoun & Interjection. 

Examples - 

• Manoj walks slowly.

      (modifies the verb 'walk')

•   She is a very  beautiful girl. 

      (modifies the Adjective 'beautiful')  

•  He walks very carefully.

      (modifies the Adverb 'carefully')

•  They lived exactly under my roof.

      (modifies the preposition 'under')

     

•  He comes only when I am not here.                      

                  (modifies the conjunction 'when')

               

  Types of Adverb -

1)  Adverb of manner 

2)  Adverb of place

3)  Adverb of time 

4)  Adverb of degree or quantity 

5)  Adverb of reason 

6)  Adverb of frequency or number 

7)  Adverb of affirmation or negation 

8)  Adverb of conjunction 

9)  Interrogative adverb

10) Relative adverb 

   

1)  Adverb of manner - 

This type of adverb tells us in what manner the action takes place and answers the question 'how' or 'in what manner'. 

E. g. -  Slowly, badly, clearly, quietly, well, ill, fast, certainly etc. 

• He walks slowly. 

• He speaks clearly. 

2) Adverb of place -

This type of adverb tells us the place of an action &  answers the question 'where'. 

E. g.  -  There, here, in, out, above, below, far, behind etc.

•  Come in. 

• Go out. 

• He comes here. 

3) Adverb of time - 

This type of adverb tells us the time of an action and answers the question 'when'. 

E. g.  -  Now, before, today, yesterday, tomorrow, ago, since, already etc.

•  He came late.  

• Call him early. 

4) Adverb of frequency or number - 

This type of adverb tells how frequently an action takes place and answers the question 'how often'. 

E. g.  -  Once, twice, thrice, often, seldom, always, sometimes etc. 

•  I read this book twice.

•  I have told you once. 

5) Adverb of degree or quantity - 

This type of adverb expresses degrees of quality, state, condition &  relation and answers the questions 'how much', 'in what degree 'or' to what extent'. 

E.g. -  Very, little, quite, enough, too, much, almost, little,  so etc. 

•  He is too lazy. 

• He is very clever. 

• He is rich enough to buy a car. 

6) Adverb of reason - 

This type of adverb tells us the reason or purpose of the action &  answers the question ' Why'. 

E. g.  -  Therefore, hence etc. 

•  He therefore left school. 

• He is hence unable to go. 

7) Adverb of affirmation & negation - 

Adverb of affirmation is an adverb which confirms the action & adverb of negation is an adverb which denies the action in the sentence. 

Adverb of Affirmation - yes, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, definitely, absolutely etc. 

Adverb of Negation - No, never. 

•  Yes, he went there. 

• I certainly went. 

• He will never go there. 

8) Adverb of conjunction (conjunctive adverb) - 

Adverb of conjunction are used to connect two clauses, phrases or words. It connects two clauses, phrases or words separated by a semicolon (;) but not by a comma (,). 

E. g.  -  Also, likewise, otherwise, indeed, still, thus,  instead, otherwise etc. 

•  It was raining; therefore, I changed my plans. 

•  Get up early in the morning; otherwise, you will be late for school. 

9) Interrogative Adverb - 

Interrogative Adverbs are used to ask questions. 

E. g.  -  When, where, why, how, how many /how much. 

•  When will you go to your office?

              (Interrogative adverb of time) 

•  Where do you live? 

             (Interrogative adverb of place)

•  Why are you behaving like this?           

                  (Interrogative adverb of reason)

•  How did you do this? 

                  (Interrogative adverb of manner) 

•  How many coins do you have?

         (Interrogative adverb of number) 

10) Relative Adverb - 

Relative Adverbs are used to join sentences or clauses. These adverbs are when (time), where (place) &  why (reason). 

•  I know the time when he will come. 

•  I know the place where he was born. 

•  I know the reason why he got angry. 

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